8 many years) were randomized to help you day-after-day calcium supplements supplements (1,two hundred milligrams) to possess couple of years. If you are zero increase in the risk having prostate cancer could have been stated during the an effective ten.step three-season go after-right up, calcium supplementation lead to a life threatening chance loss of the period spanning off 2 years shortly after therapy visited 2 yrs shortly after therapy concluded (150). For the a glance at the new books penned last year, the usa Institution getting Medical care Browse and you may Quality revealed that maybe not all the epidemiological studies discover a link anywhere between calcium consumption and you can prostate cancers (151). The fresh new opinion stated that 6 out-of eleven observational training unsuccessful discover mathematically extreme confident connectivity anywhere between prostate disease and you may calcium supplements intake. Yet ,, within the four knowledge, everyday intakes regarding 921 so you can 2,one hundred thousand mg out of calcium was basically found to be with the a keen improved likelihood of developing prostate cancer tumors when compared with consumption starting from 455 to a single,100000 milligrams/go out (151). Inconsistencies certainly one of degree highly recommend state-of-the-art affairs between the risk items getting prostate cancer, in addition to reflect the difficulties of assessing the end result of calcium intake from inside the 100 % free-life anyone. Such as for example, the truth that individuals with higher dairy and you will/or calcium supplements intakes had been discovered to be more likely to become engaged in match lifestyles or maybe more going to look for medical attention is mitigate the fresh new statistical significance of an association which have prostate cancer tumors chance (152).
Numerous observational studies and randomized controlled trials have raised concerns out of the potential negative effects out of calcium supplements on the aerobic exposure. The analysis of information in the Kuopio Osteoporosis Risk Foundation and Cures (OSTPRE) possible data unearthed that users out of calcium supplements between 10,555 Finnish ladies (years 52-62 age) got good fourteen% higher risk of developing coronary artery state versus non-complement profiles throughout a suggest pursue-up regarding 6.75 years (153). The mark study of 23,980 players (35-64 yrs . old) of your Heidelberg cohort of European Possible Data to your Cancers and you may Nutrients cohort (EPIC-Heidelberg) seen one extra calcium intake is seriously of chance out-of myocardial infarction (stroke) but not with the chance of coronary attack or cardiovascular illnesses (CVD)-associated mortality once a mean pursue-up out of eleven ages (154). Yet, the application of calcium supplements (?400 milligrams/day against. 0 mg/day) are of the an increased chance of CVD-relevant death in the 219,059 people, but not in the 169,170 lady, within the Federal Institute from Fitness (NIH)-AARP Diet and Health research and you can followed having a mean several months of 12 decades. CVD death in guys has also been seen to be somewhat high that have complete (fat beste asexuelle Dating-App reduction as well as supplemental) calcium consumption of just one,500 milligrams/date and you will over (155).
In addition, the secondary analyses of two randomized placebo-controlled trials initially designed to assess the effect of calcium on bone health outcomes also suggested an increased risk of CVD in participants daily supplemented with 1,000 mg of calcium for five to seven years (156, 157). In the Auckland Calcium Study of 1,471 healthy postmenopausal women (ages ?55 years), calcium supplementation resulted in increased risks of myocardial infarction and of a composite cardiovascular endpoint, including myocardial infarction, stroke, or sudden death (156). The analysis of data from 36,282 healthy postmenopausal women randomized to receive a combination of calcium (1,000 mg/day) and vitamin D (400 IU/day) or a placebo in the Women’s Health Initiative/Calcium-Vitamin D supplementation study (WHI/CaD study) initially reported no adverse effect on any cardiovascular endpoints with calcium (and vitamin D) compared to placebo (158). A re-analysis was performed with data from 16,718 women who did not take personal calcium supplements (outside protocol) during the five-year study (157). Although criticized on the approach taken (134, 159), the investigators estimated that women supplemented with calcium and vitamin D had a 16% increased risk of clinical myocardial infarction or stroke and a 21% increased risk of myocardial infarction compared to those who received a placebo (157). However, in another randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial – the Calcium Intake Fracture Outcome (CAIFOS) study – in elderly women (median age, 75.1 years), the supplementation of 1,200 mg/day of calcium for five years was not found to increase the risk of vascular disease or related mortality (160). The WHI/CaD data re-analysis also failed to show an increased risk of mortality due to myocardial infarction or coronary artery disease with calcium therapy (156). Also, after an additional follow-up of 4.5 years at the end of the treatment period in the CAIFOS trial, the investigators reported fewer cases of heart failure-related deaths with supplemental calcium compared to placebo (160). In another randomized, placebo-controlled trial of calcium and/or vitamin D3 (RECORD trial), the evaluation of the effect of 1,000 mg/day of calcium (alone or with 800 IU/day of vitamin D) reported no significant increase in the rate of mortality due to vascular disease in 5,292 participants ages 70 years and older (161). A recent cross-sectional analysis of the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III) evaluated the association between calcium intakes and cardiovascular mortality in 18,714 adults with no history of heart disease. No evidence of an association was observed between dietary calcium intake, supplemental calcium intake, or total calcium intake and cardiovascular mortality in either men or women (162).
